Reduced Relative Clauses
Shorten who/which/that clauses to -ing and -ed phrases.
- Etken: Turn "who is standing" into "standing".
- Edilgen: Turn "which was written" into "written".
- Sınır: Spot when shortening is forbidden.
- TR özet: Aktif -ing, pasif V3.
Start the 8-question quizAdapts to your answers · every miss links back to the rule
Rule in 60 secondsThe one pattern to memorise.
Who/which/that düşer, anlam korunur.
- Etken: the man who is standing → the man standing.
- Edilgen: the book which was written → the book written.
- Mantık: Aktif -ing, pasif V3.
- Süreç: Edilgen süregelen iş: "the car being repaired".
- Sınır: Sadece defining clause kısalır.
- TR ipucu: Virgüllü non-defining genelde kısalmaz.
- TR ipucu: Sınavda emin değilsen tam hâli güvenlidir.
FormsHow it looks in sentences.
Patterns at a glance.
| Full form | Reduced form | Example |
|---|---|---|
| who + be + V-ing | noun + V-ing | the boy (who is) crying → the boy crying |
| who + be + V-ing | noun + V-ing | the woman standing there is my aunt. |
| which + be + adj | noun + adj/PP | the room (which is) on the left → the room on the left |
| which + be + adj | noun + adj/PP | passengers waiting outside → waiting passengers |
| which + was + V3 | noun + V3 | the letter (which was) sent → the letter sent |
| which + was + V3 | noun + V3 | the bridge built in 2000 → collapsed |
| who + V (active) | noun + V-ing | students wishing to join → sign here |
| who + V (active) | noun + having + V3 | having missed = missed earlier |
- TR not: Sadece defining clause kısalır.
- TR not: Virgüllü non-defining genelde kısalmaz.
- Kural: Edilgen süregelen iş: "the car being repaired".
3 classic trapsWhere Turkish speakers slip.
En sık yapılan 3 hata.
- Trap 1 — edilgende -ing: ❌ "the car repairing" → ✅ "the car being repaired" / "the repaired car."
- Neden: Edilgen -ing tek başına olmaz.
- Trap 2 — zamir bırakmak: ❌ "the book I bought it" → ✅ "the book I bought."
- Neden: Nesne zamiri düşer.
- Trap 3 — non-defining kısaltmak: ❌ Sınavda riskli kısaltma → ✅ Tam hâli güvenlidir.
- Neden: "My brother, standing there, waves" günlükte olur.
10 example sentencesRead aloud, twice.
Read aloud and expand each phrase back to full form.
- The man standing at the door is our neighbour. — Kapıda duran adam komşumuz.
- The book written by Orhan Pamuk won a prize. — Orhan Pamuk'un yazdığı kitap ödül aldı.
- Passengers waiting for flight 204 board now. — 204 seferini bekleyen yolcular biniyor.
- The road connecting two villages is closed. — İki köyü bağlayan yol kapalı.
- Anyone wishing to join must sign up. — Katılmak isteyen herkes kaydolmalı.
- The cake baked this morning smells great. — Sabah pişirilen kek harika kokuyor.
- Students finishing early may leave. — Erken bitiren öğrenciler çıkabilir.
- The files stored here are private. — Burada saklanan dosyalar gizli.
- The girl talking to Elif is my cousin. — Elif'le konuşan kız kuzenim.
- Having missed the bus, the late pupils ran. — Otobüsü kaçıran geç kalan öğrenciler koştu.
Quick checkCover the answers, say yours first.
Boşluğu doldur, sonra cevapla karşılaştır.
- 1. The woman ___ (wear) red is my teacher.
- Cevap 1: wearing — active → -ing.
- 2. The window ___ (break) yesterday is fixed.
- Cevap 2: broken — passive → V3.
- 3. "the car repairing now" cümlesini düzelt.
- Cevap 3: the car being repaired (now).